Fasting Across Cultures: The Role of Traditional Fasting in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Among South Asians

Abstract

Fasting is a common practice across many religious traditions, including Hinduism and Jainism, with notable variations in fasting types, duration, and strictness. This narrative review explores the physiological effects of Hindu and Jain fasting, particularly during festivals such as Navratri and Paryushan, focusing on glycemic control and metabolic outcomes. Comparative analysis highlights differences in fasting protocols, including calorie restriction and fluid intake, and their implications for individuals with metabolic conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While Hindu fasting often involves partial dietary restrictions with periodic abstinence, Jain fasting ranges from partial fasts to complete water and food abstinence lasting multiple days. Evidence suggests that these fasting practices may improve glycemic markers and promote weight loss but carry risks of hypoglycemia and dehydration, especially in diabetic individuals. Understanding these cultural fasting practices aids clinicians in providing tailored guidance to patients, improving safety and health outcomes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the long-term metabolic effects and optimize management strategies.